Biological systems are continuously at risk of serious infectious diseases, while modern lifestyles and an ageing population contribute to increases in non-communicable diseases. Understanding how biological systems develop and respond to pathogen challenge and harmful mutations, and how they survive such insults, provides avenues to developing new diagnostics and prevention measures, as well as treatments for improving plant, animal and human health throughout the lifespan.Institute of Immunology & InfectionInstitute of Cell BiologyInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Ecology and EvolutionInstitute for Stem Cell ResearchUK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic BiologyCentre for Adapting to Changing EnvironmentsDiscovery Research Platform for Hidden Cell BiologyCentre for Cell Biology This article was published on Monday 17 June 2024