Outline of one of our main research areas. How do trypanosomes 'listen' to each other to enable their developmental progression to stumpy forms in the bloodstream? When trypanosomes proliferate in the bloodstream they release a soluble signal, termed Stumpy Induction Factor (SIF). SIF causes cell-cycle arrest, differentiation and the acquisition of differentiation competence characteristic of stumpy forms. Until recently SIF has remained elusive, but we have been successful in identifying the molecules that transduce the SIF signal within the parasite to drive stumpy formation. This exploited a genome-wide RNAi library screen whereby parasites that were unable to respond to the SIF signal could be selected based on their continued ability to proliferate (in fact, a SIF mimic was used to allow the screen to be carried out in the laboratory-adapted cell lines routinely used in trypanosome genome-wide screens). This screen identified a cohort of molecules (~30) that contribute to physiological stumpy formation, including signal transduction components (kinases, phosphatases) as well as gene expression regulators. A major part of our research focus at present is to understand how this pathway operates and how the components interact. This is providing the most detailed analysis of environmental sensing and cell-cell communication in these parasites. This has significant relevance more broadly also, since other major parasites also exhibit cell-cell communication, including Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria. Predicted order of SIF pathway components. Selection regimen for the isolation of SIF pathway components. The nature of the chemical signals used by the parasite - stumpy induction factor (SIF) - has also been explored. We found evidence that trypanosomes release peptidases into their environment, generating oligopeptides. These are transported by a surface GPR89 family protein and drive the differentiation from slender to stumpy forms. Hence, it appears that the parasites effectively generate public goods in the blood which are used to monitor cell density and thereafter provoke differentiation. In common with some bacterial quorum sensing systems, this signal/response mechanism would be sensitive to environmental flow- so that signal could locally accumulate if parasites are constrained in the dermis or adipose tissue, such that transmission stages can be generated even with lower parasite numbers (as can occur in livestock infections). Graphical abstract for the Rojas et al. article (2019) titled "Oligopeptide Signaling through TbGPR89 Drives Trypanosome Quorum Sensing". Further information Binny M. Mony*; Paula MacGregor*; Alasdair Ivens, Federico Rojas, Andrew Cowton, Julie Young, David Horn and Keith R. Matthews (2013). Genome wide dissection of the quorum sensing signalling pathway in Trypanosoma brucei (Nature website). Nature doi:10.1038/nature12864 Federico Rojas, Eleanor Silvester, Julie Young, Rachel Milne, Mabel Tettey, Douglas R. Houston, Malcolm D. Walkinshaw, Irene Pérez-Pi , Manfred Auer, Helen Denton, Terry K. Smith, Joanne Thompson, Keith R. Matthews (2019). Oligopeptide Signaling through TbGPR89 Drives Trypanosome Quorum Sensing (Cell website) Cell 176, 1-12. This article was published on 2024-07-08